Michael Samjetsabam

“Mussalmaan leitaba leibakti leibak masing thafaroi.” – Nongsamei Puya

Tara Taret Suba Chahi Cha da Pangal Thunglaba

Pangal kouba, Islam laining chatpa, phurup ama 1606 CE da mayang lanmi sing-ga loinana laandaba lak-khi haibasi ngasidi Manipur gi puwari gi tangkak ama oina leenari. Mayang lanmee sing maithikhi amasung makhoiga loinana lak-khiba Pangal lanmee sing lanfa oikhi. Pangal lanfa singda Meitei nupi sing thajaduna loisang lingduna lallup yaohankhi haibagi wafam si Meitei amasung Pangal ani gi eegi mari adu ningsing naba akang-ahei sing na tattana meeyamda hairi. Hairiba wafam asi Pangal gi oiba kumpapa ni hainariba Nongsamei Puya amasung Pangal Thorakpa da marik chumna yaori. Adubu ngasidi puwari asida chammamnaba kaya thoklakpagum toure. Pangal kouba phurup ama tara taret suba chahi cha gi mamangda leirammi haibagi wafam amasu thoklakli. Cheitharon Kumpapa gi matung enna, Khakokpam Panga kouba nupa amana 1513 CE da cheithapa oi hairi (CK, 45). Panga hairiba wahei asi Pangal gi atenba wahei ni haina Saroj Nalini Arambam na mahakki English ta handokpa Cheitharon Kumpapa da hairi (CK, 54). Thingpaicham Pangan na 1557 CE da cheithapa oikhi. Kum amagi cheithapa oiba haibasi leibak-ki awa ana makhoina pujage haiduna thoklakpani amasung cheithapa amada lou sing maral mathum kaya ama piribani, mahak leibak na masak khangba meeyoi ama oigadouribani (Kamei 2012, 27). Kum adu cheithapa meeyoi adugi maming da khangnadouribani. Makha taana, Panganracha Khara haiba nupa amana 1557 CE gi cheithapa oikhi. Saroj Nalini Arambam gi matung enna “Panganracha” haibasi pangan raja haina paba yai, masi oirabadi hairiba cheithapa oiriba nupa asi Pangal sing gi ningthou ni haina louba yai. Masina taklibadi Pangal kouba phurup ama 1557 CE da lamdam asida leire haina mahakna phongdokli  (ibid.). Khakokpam Panga amasung Thongcham Panga na 1573 CE amasung 1580 CE da cheithapa oikhi (CK, 58, 60). Maram sing asi leibana Pangal kouba furup ama tara taruk suba chahi cha da, 1606 CE gi lanjao dugi mamangda Manipur da leirabara haibagi chingnaba pokhalli. Chingnaba asina meeyamna khangnariba puwari asi nouhouna neinabagi tanja ama eikhoida piri. 

Ibohal Wahengbam (1986, 171) na eeba Manipur gi puwari, The History of Manipur da asumna hai, Pangal haibasi Bangal hairiba wahei asidagi lakpani. Tara taret suba chahi cha gi mamamgda Bangal da gi lakpa meeyoi singbu Pangal haina khangnarammi. Adubu 1606 CE ki matungdagidi Pangal hairiba wahei asi Islam laining chatpa meeyoi sing tagi oina sijinaba hourak-khi. Islam laining chattaba Bengal dagi meeyoi singbu Mayang haina kouba matam dudagi hourak-khi. Abudu hairiba sing asigi akkupa langla langjin di ayeebana lairik asida pirambadi natte. Asigi mathakta tara taruk suba chahi cha da leiramliba Pangal (Bangal) haina khangnariba meeyoi sing asigi marakta Islam laining chatpa meeyoi sungyao yaodabara haibasisu wahang ama oiba yai.  Matang asida panba yaabadi, houjikna Aribam saagei haina khangnariba Islam laining chapta Pangal saagei asigi meeyoi sing 1606 CE ki mamangda leiramle haibagi wafam sing su leiri (Salam 2010, 32). Masigi achum araan lepthokpa ama changli. Nongsamei puya amasung Pangal Thorakpa hairiba puya sing asigi matung in-nadi Islam laining chatpa meeyoi amata 1606 CE gi mamangda leiramde. Meitingu Khakempa gi matam da gi eeba houba Nongsamei Puya (2018, 1) gi ahoubada asumna hai:

 …sana khufamlen kanglei sana leipakta meeyam mangkan mussalman pu thungtari. Meeyam mussalman leitaba leibakti leibak masing thafaroi. Mussalman pu thungnapatum thourangpike haiduna pithi wayenpapu wahamkhi. 

Mathakki wahei pareng sing asina talklibadi 1606 CE gi mamangda, Meitingu Khakempa na paanba matam gi mamangda, “mangkan mussalman” lamdam asida thungladri. Adubu puya da hairamle haidana adumak chumle, puwari ama eebada puya da yaoramliba pumba sijinaba yaarani haibadudi aranba oigani. Yaoramliba sing adugi achum aran neinaba (historical amasung literary criticism) ama hanna mathou taari (Parratt 2017, 9) [1]. Maram asina mathakta pankhriba sing asi kupthana anouba mawongda neinabada akaiba leite, nouhounana wahang kaya hangbadasu akaiba leite. Eikhoina Pangal gi puwari eeba matamda mathakta pankhriba mayam asida kupthaba mityeng changba haibasi yamna maru oi. 

Matamdugi Leingaklon amasung Pangal Lanfa

Tara taret suba chahi cha gi mamangda Islam laining chatpa Pangal sing leirammi natraga leiramde haibagi wafam asina nakal amada thamkhraga, mayang singa loinana lak-khiba Islam laining chatpa Pangal lanmee sing 1606 CE gi lanjao da maithiduna lanfa oina Meitingu gi lallup ta yaokhi haibasidi maichou singna ayetpa leitana yanaraba wafam ni. Matang asida panba yaabadi lallup pathap chatnaba khunnai amada lanfa oibaga houjik eikhoina malem gi mafam kayada uuriba lanfa singi fibam ga yamna khennaba leigani. South East Asia gi matam amagi khunnai sing da ningthou na lanfa mayam ama loiduna thabak suhanbagi chatnabi leirammi. Thailand da sakdina, Burma da ahmudan amasung Manipur da na lallup hairiba khunnai gi uchal sing asida lanfa sing yamna maru oi (Beemer 2013,41-50). Pangal lanfa sing asigi Pangal loisang ama lingduna makhoi lallup kaba yaorammi, amasung makhoigi angam-athou sing na makhoigi oiba phurup ki thabak thouram sing yengsinduna lak-khi.  Lakliba Pangal sing asigi heithoi singthoi bagi matung enna makhoida cha-naba saagei sing Meitingu Khakemba na pikhi. Uu-subada heithoi singthoi ba Pangal singi Phundrei saangei semkhi, chafu saabada heithoi singthoibasing na Phusam saagei haina koukhi. Maibam saagei na layengba heiba maiba singi saageini. Chesam saagei asina Manipur da che saba houdok-lak-khibani. Aduga Phisam haiba saagei asina phisa-lonsa gi lamda heithoiba meeoi sing ni. Khutsu-khutlai sabada heithoi-singthoiraba Aribam saagei asina Pangal singi manungda khwaidagi liraba saageini. Masida nattana, Manipur da Pangal singna fou thabagi anouba mawong amasu houdoktuna lou-u singu badasu achouba thoudang louduna lakli. Manipur gi naat ki oiba pot chei sing saabagi mataang da panba yaaba di,  Naoria Sheikh kouba Pangal amana na phajaraba sanabul kouba chafu ama saduna Meitingu Khakemba da khudol tamkhi haibagi puwari su leiri (Shahani 2006, 16-20). Lanfa singna ningthou gi maru oiba angam-athou oirakpada ngakningai karisu leite. Lanfa sing na palliba ningthou adugi khutchabi oiraktuna kainathang da leibak adugi mapu oibagi puwari sing adumak lei, khudam oina hairabada Mamluk Dynasty haina khangnariba Delhi da tara humdoi suba chahi cha da ningthou oina pankhiba sing adu lanfa oina hourak-khi-bani (Pipes 1981, 49). 

Manipur gi puwari dasu Pangal sing matam dugi lallup khunnai da angam-athou oiduna leirammi, senmitlon gi achouba thoudang lourammi haibasidi kakningai leite. Leibak ki maru oiba meeyoi sing oiraktuna ningthoukon gi puwari gi saruk ama oina Cheitharon kumpapada Pangal kaya gi ming eikhoina ngasi uba phanglibasini. Matang asida panba yaabadi, Manipur da Islam laining chatpa meeyoi kaya tongan tongan ba matam da changlaktuna Pangal furup ta tinkhi (Salam 2010, 35). Pangal saagei pumnamak lanfa ne haibadi maram asina aranba oigani adubu 1606 CE gi lanjao duda Pangal mayam ama lanfa oiduna lallup yaokhi habada aranba oiroi. Matang asida wafam ama thoklakli. Lanfa oibagi, maithikhibagi, sothaba adudi Pangal singda leite haiba yaragadara. Wahang asi thoklakpagi maram di tara nipal amasung tara mapal suba chahi cha da lanfa oiduna Burma da pukhiba Meitei sing Burmese khunnai da angam-athou oikhiba yaokhi, adubu makhoi asi Burmese khunnai gi sotharaba saruk (underclass) ama ni haibagi wafam su leiri (Myint-U 2005, 15, 55). Asumna lamdam asida Pangal saagei mayam ama lanfa oina hourak-khi-bana sothaduna houjikfaoba leihouribara haibasisu hangba yaaba wahangni. 

Pangal amasung Amaang-Aseng: Senmitlon gi Matangda Wafam Khara 

Pangal singi houjik oiriba fibam asi lamdam sigi puwari da gi khaidoklaga yengba yaroi. Maram asina Pangal sing-gi ngasi oiriba fibam asi neinage hairabadi eikhoina tara nipal suba chahi cha dagi houraga lamdam asida Hindu laining na porak-khiba cheitheng aduga sagonana neinadaba yaroi. Tara nipal suba chahi cha da Hindu gi naat amasung laining laison mara taaba hourak-khi. Hindu lai sing gi murti saaba amasung Hindu lai sang saaba hourak-khi. Saroj Nalini Arambam gi matung inna honglakliba asi yaningdaba Meitei sing-ga murti eratpa yaningdaba Pangal sing-ga punduna Meitingu Charairongba gi ningthou khufam mun-naba hotnakhi (CK, 112). Khongjang asigi saruk oina 1701 CE da Hindu lai Kalika gi laisang mei thakhi. Ningthou gi konung, Mangkan loisang haina khangnariba Pangal loisang amasung yum kayasu mei chak-khi. Konung mei thabada Pangan Sakom kouba nupa ama su yaowi haina Cheitharon Kumpapa da pallamli. Thoudok asida chennaba meeyoi kunthra mathoi, Meitei maichou ama yaona, fagattuna sibagi cheirak pikhi (ibid.).

Tara nipal suba chahi cha da eekhiba Wayen Lairik kouba lairik amada meeyam na ingadaba chatna pathap sing semgatpa hourak-khi. Meitingu Chandakriti ki yathangda tara mapal suba chahi cha da Wayen Lairik asi semdok sadoktuna Smarta Vyavastharnuva kouba lairik ama Bamon Ragunath na eekhi. Lairik asi 1874 CE dagi chatnaba houkhi. Lairik asida Pangal singbu amaangbani makhoiga soknaba samnaba yaade haina laothok-khi (Devi S 2013, 142). Matam aduda Meitei kaya Pangal sing ga louna leinei amasung sokna samnei haiduna enthokpa thoudok kaya ama su leikhi. Khudam oina panba yaabadi, 1870 CE da Kontha Ahallup ta Iroiba Yumjao kouba meeyoi amana Pangal nupi amaga luhongle haiduna enthok-lakpa-dagi Pangal marakta leikhi. Takellambam dagi Meitei amana esing khujai amattada Pangal amaga esing thakminnarui haiduna mahakpu enthok-lak-tuna 1873 CE dagi Pangal singa leiminnakhiba, 1880 CE da Sagolsem Thambal na phisaba Usman ga luhonbagidamak mahakki mama-mapa yaona Lilong Wangma Pangal khullakta khunda-khi-ba nachingba wari kaya ama leiri (Salam 2010, 180). Kun suba chahi cha yourakpada, amaang-aseng gi pathap sing henna kansilak-khi. Meitingu na British ta loipot kaa-naba amasung masagi sengao than-gat-naba hotnabada amaang-aseng gi pathap sing angak pa mawong da meeyamda namsinba hourak-khi. Hindu nattaba meeyoi singbu awaba piba amasung Hindu ne haiba singdagina chandon amasung lugun senkhai na chingba sijinaduna sen khomgatpa hourak-khi (Khuraijam 2016, 82). Chatnabi asi mayoknaruba, muknarubasing busu amaangbani haina laothok-khi. Meeyamgi lamyanba Irabot pusu Pangal singa sokna samnei haiduna amaangba ni haina laothok-khi (Laishram 2018, 137). Amaang asengi chatna pathap singna maram oiduna Meitei amasung Pangal anigi marakta achouba khal ama poklak-khi.

Pangal singi senmilton da amaang-asengna gi chatna pathap na achouba cheitheng ama porak-khi. Uu-subada heithoi singthoiba Phundrei saagei, chafu saramba Phusam saagei, maiba oiduna laiyengamba Maibam saagei, che saaramba Chesam saagei, fisa lonsa gi lam da heithoi singthoiraba Phisam saagei, khutsu-khutlai saramba Aribam saagei na chingba tongan tongan ba Pangal saagei sing amaang-aseng gi chatna pathap na maram oiduna makhoigi sinfam singse thadokpa taakhi. Leibakki senmitlon da achouba mateng oiramba Pangal singi sintha sing asi amaang-asengi chatnabi lakpa asina Pangal singna thadokpa taakhi. Makhoigi saagei sing asi mamingta ngaikhi amasung saagei singi leijaramba sinfam sing loina kaohankhi (Shahani 2006, 16-20). Masimakna Pangal singi senmitlon asi sontharakhibagi achouba maram amani. Maramsing asina ngasi phaoba Pangal singi senmitlon asi yamna sonthana leiri. 

Endnotes: 

1. John Parrat (2017, 9) na The Coils of Pakhangba: A Cultural History of Meeteis da asumna hai : 

The puyas then do not give us accurate information about the cultural history of early Manipur, but only inform us as to the outpouring of literary activity from about the 15th century onwards. It is quite possible, of course, that some- like oral traditions- do reflect real historical events and some of the cultural conditions of the early Meeties. But they need to be subjected to rigorous literary and historical criticism before they can be regarded as secure sources… 

References: 

1989. Pangal Thorakpa. Edited by Raj Kumar, Sanahal. Imphal: Livid Publishing Association. 

2012. Cheitharon Kumpapa (CK). Vol. I. Translated by Arambam, Saroj Nalini.  London: Routledge.  

2018. Nongsamei Puya. Edited by Oinam, Bhogeshwar & Ipham, Janab Khan.  Imphal.  

Beemer, Bryce. 2013. “The Creole city in mainland Southeast Asia: Slave gathering warfare and cultural exchange in Burma, Thailand and Manipur, 18th-19th c.” PhD diss. University of Hawaii. 

Devi, Babita S. 2013. “Advent of a caste: The emergence and role of Brahmans in Manipuri society.” Phd diss. University of Assam. 

Kamei, Gangumei. 2012. Lectures on History of Manipur. Delhi: Akansha Publishing House. 

Kundnani, Arun. 2014. The Muslims are Coming!: Islamophobia, Extremism, and the Domestic War on Terror. London: Verso. 

Khuraijam, Bijoykumar Singh. 2016. “Religious revivalism and colonial rule: Origin of the Sanamahi Movement.” In Colonialism and Resistance. Edit touba Arambam, Noni amasung Sanatomba Kangujam. New Delhi: Routledge.  

Laishram, Sotin Kumar. 2018. Irawat and Left Movement in Manipur. Imphal: Progessive Literature House. 

Parratt, John. 2017. The Coils of Pakhangba: A Culture History of Manipur. Delhi: Mittal Publication. 

Salam, Irene. 2010. The Muslims of Manipur. Delhi: Kalpaz Publications.  

Shahani, Rajiya. 2006. “Social Structure of Meitei-Pangal – Muslims of Manipur.” PhD diss. Aligarh Muslim University.

Wahengbam, Ibohal. 1986. The History of Manipur. Imphal: Manipur Commercial Co.